How many bytes can i send

By now you will note the lower case b which stands for bit. So under optimal conditions, it would take a second to download the 6. There are a lot of good online calculators out there on the Internet that can help you convert between Bytes and bits. Some of them can also help you calculate things like download speeds.

As you can tell there are good reasons for why confusion often arises around bits and Bytes. Not even the manufacturers themselves can agree on how they should perform the calculations. Hard disk drives for examples are storage areas for files, and their capacity is measured in GB or TB today.

But hard disk manufacturers measure hard disk capacity based on decimal base 1, So according to hard disk manufacturers, , MB equals GB. However, the computer OS uses binary base for calculating hard disk drive capacity. Unfortunately, it is not enough to state that an Internet connection with 50 Mbps bandwidth could transfer 50 Mbit of data per second.

Those 50 Mbit per second include all of the data that has to be transferred. Not only the data that you want to transmit but everything else as well. There are several more things that need to be covered by that bandwidth, including for example the following:. Overhead means information that is not the data you and me actually want to send, but which has to be transmitted anyway. When you send a letter to somebody by mail you write the letter on a piece of paper.

Then you put the paper in an envelope and you type down the address of the recipient on the envelope. The whole envelope has to be sent in the mail, even if the important message that you want to transfer is just the text on the paper inside of the envelope. The address that you put on the envelope has to be there, but it does not contain any of the important information that you wanted to transmit. The envelope is the mail equivalent of Overhead.

Required information which is necessary to transmit the message, but which does not belong to the message itself. All of which has to be transmitted with each packet but which is not the actual data you want to transmit. When the message is being sent to the network all parts of the message are being sent including the overhead information. A 50 Mbps Internet connection can only transmit 50 Mbit per second, including that extra overhead. If the file that we want to transfer is big it also has to be chopped up in smaller parts, and these parts are then put in different IP packets.

Each of those packets then need the same type of overhead information with addresses on it. Normally each packet can contain a maximum of 1, Bytes of information.

Then some additional 40 Bytes are used for overhead addressing and such. So about 2. And if you have read the traffic example in the specialisation section then you might remember the TCP 3-way handshake we showcased there.

Network communication often has to be setup using sessions, which also uses bandwidth for the messaging. Not to mention that a lot of applications are communicating in the background non-stop without you even knowing about it. If you perform a file transfer using Windows Explorer your computer will send hundreds of messages in the background to verify data, check the file system on the other computer, browse to the correct destination, figure out how much space is available and so on.

All of this is information that you never see in Windows Explorer but which is still consuming available bandwidth. These messages contain Control Data and various types of background Application Data. Most file transfers use the TCP protocol. TCP always tries to help by being nice and not send more data than the receiver can handle, so TCP tries to find a sweet spot for how quickly to send the data.

Sign Up. Create your account now. Signup with Email. Gender Male Female. Create Account. Already Have an Account? How many bytes of data can be sent in 15 seconds over a serial link with baud rate of in asynchronous mode with oddparity and two stop bits in the frame? Answer to Question. This does mean that for example in a word only 15 of the 16 bits are available for the actual number, limiting the range from to The data types we used so far are all signed, which means all of the tricks work just as well for negative values.

Just be aware of the maximum value. So far we have only dealt with rounded numbers. What if you need more precision? The answer very similar to how we indexed or rounded big numbers. Simply multiple and divide the value as you encode and decode it. Note that it uses Start off by encoding each individual number to a buffer of bytes and then combine them into a single buffer. Think of it as an instruction to copy to the payload buffer, but after moving the point it will copy to, with the length of the payloads we added so far.

Text uses a lot of bytes. Unicode defines more than characters, so that would take 3 bytes per character! There are rarely good reasons to use text instead of numbers, apart from maybe transmitting some user input.

Most of the time only the Alpha-numeric characters suffice, in that case you can get away by using ASCII characters that only use a single byte per character. See documentation for The Things Stack V3.

What is a byte? What is a buffer of bytes?